Crise das utopias e as quatro justiças: ecologias, epistemologias e emancipação social para reinventar a saúde coletiva / Crisis of utopias and the four justices: ecologies, epistemologies and social emancipation for reinventing public health

Resumo O artigo propõe uma leitura da crise da saúde no interior de uma crise mais ampla das utopias e da necessidade de reinventarmos a emancipação social que indique trilhas realistas de esperanças a partir do presente. Para isso propomos a articulação de quatro tipos de justiça: social, sanitária, ambiental e cognitiva. As duas primeiras são bem conhecidas do pensamento crítico e da saúde coletiva, e as duas últimas ampliam o entendimento da crise em sua natureza civilizatória, ética e planetária, marcada pelas contradições e potencial destrutivo da modernidade eurocêntrica, ocidental e capitalista. O social, na perspectiva assumida, é considerado indissociável das dimensões ecológicas, ontológicas e epistemológicas que marcarão os grandes embates na interface entre ética, política, ciência e transformação social em tempos de acirramento das várias crises, surgimento de distopias e necessária transição civilizatória. O artigo se apoia nas contribuições de três campos do conhecimento: a saúde coletiva, a ecologia política e as abordagens pós-coloniais, em especial as epistemologias do Sul de Boaventura de Sousa Santos, em torno da reinvenção da emancipação social. Ao final propomos breves reflexões para que a saúde coletiva produza alternativas sobre temas como desenvolvimento econômico, científico e tecnológico, promoção, vigilância, atenção e cuidado.

Abstract The article proposes a reinterpretation about the health crisis within a broader crisis of utopias and the need to reinvent social emancipation that can show us realistic paths of hope from the present. For this purpose, we propose the association of four types of justice: social, health, environmental and cognitive. The two first ones are well known in critical thinking and collective health, and the last two extend the understanding of the crisis in its civilizing, ethical, and planetary aspects, marked by the contradictions and destructive potential of Eurocentric, Western and capitalist modernity. The social is considered inseparable from the ecological, ontological, and epistemological dimensions in the interface between ethics, politics, science and social transformation related to the various crises and the necessary civilizational transition. The article is based on contributions from three fields of knowledge: collective health, political ecology and postcolonial approaches, especially the Epistemologies of the South, as presented by Boaventura de Sousa Santos around the reinvention of social emancipation. Finally, we propose some brief reflections for collective health to produce alternatives on topics such as economic, scientific and technological development, health promotion, surveillance, and care.

Executive summary workshop: toward the elimination of the use of solid fuels and kerosene in urban homes in the americas

Household air pollution is one of the principal causes of disease and premature death in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) and is an avoidable health risk. In the Americas, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that approximately 82,000 deaths in these countries were attributale to cooking, heating, and lighting with polluting fuels and technologies in 2016. Accelerating the transition to clean energy for all is an urgent and necessary public health intervention in the region of the Americas, to reduce the health risks that primarily affect socially and economically vulnerable populations, to achieve a continent healthier, more equitable and with sustainable development, contributing to the worldwide efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. To achieve this result, the health sector should be involved in the design of policy interventions to reduce exposure to indoor air pollution and its effects on health, as well associal inequities. In line with the WHO Indoor Air Quality Guidelines launched in November 2014, the PAHO Strategic Plan 2014-2019 has set itself the objective of helping Member States to reduce the percentage of population by 5% that depends on solid fuels for cooking in countries with a percentage of users equal to or greater than 10% of the population (priority countries). To measure progress, one indicator is the number of countries that are implementing large-scale programs to reduce solid fuel use (SFU) in the home, and a outcome indicator measures progress in the use of energy and clean technology for cooking at home. Evaluating the progress of the countries in the indicator of the Strategic Plan, some of its member states have successfully reduced solid fuel use (SFU) in the households by 5% and have implemented large-scale programs to transition to clean fuels. Nevertheless, in other countries in the region, progress has been almost non-existent. Following the first workshop carried out in Tegucigalpa (Honduras) in 2015, where new indoor air pollution guidelines were launched by the WHO, the workshop "Toward the elimination of solid fuels and kerosene in urban homes in the Americas" was organized and carried out in Mexico City (Mexico) from September 11 to 13, 2018.

Gestão ambiental para o desenvolvimento sustentável / Environmental management for sustainable development

Dividida em 6 capítulos que abrangem desde a gestão de recursos naturais até a de indústrias e serviços, discutindo mecanismos econômicos e sociais, técnicas de gestão, indicadores de desenvolvimento sustentável, e impactos e instrumentos de gestão ambiental.